{
  "source": "RevenueLab",
  "source_url": "https://www.revenuelab.fyi/calculators",
  "dataset": "property_tax_and_yield_by_country",
  "updated": "2026-06-01",
  "unit": "Percent rates; grossYield expressed as a band string",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 with attribution to RevenueLab.fyi",
  "citation": "RevenueLab — Property tax and yield by country (https://www.revenuelab.fyi/api/public/property-tax-by-country.json)",
  "notes": "Indicative property transfer/stamp duty, annual property tax, rental-income tax, capital-gains rate, typical mortgage APR, and gross rental yield bands per country. Effective rates only — regional surcharges, foreign-buyer levies, and holding structures shift them materially. Not tax advice.",
  "count": 34,
  "countries": [
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "US",
      "name": "United States",
      "region": "Americas",
      "currency": "USD",
      "fx_per_usd": 1,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 1,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 1.1,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 22,
      "capital_gains_pct": 15,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 7,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "5–9%",
      "notes": "Property tax varies massively by state (0.3% Hawaii → 2.2% NJ). 1031 exchange can defer capital gains on investment property."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "CA",
      "name": "Canada",
      "region": "Americas",
      "currency": "CAD",
      "fx_per_usd": 1.4,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 1.5,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 1,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 33,
      "capital_gains_pct": 25,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 5.5,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "3–6%",
      "notes": "Land transfer tax doubles in Toronto + Vancouver. Foreign-buyer ban extended through 2027 for most residential purchases."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "MX",
      "name": "Mexico",
      "region": "Americas",
      "currency": "MXN",
      "fx_per_usd": 18,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 4,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.2,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 25,
      "capital_gains_pct": 25,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 10,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "5–10%",
      "notes": "Foreigners need a fideicomiso (bank trust) within 50 km of coast / 100 km of border. Add 4–7% closing costs."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "CR",
      "name": "Costa Rica",
      "region": "Americas",
      "currency": "USD",
      "fx_per_usd": 1,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 1.5,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.25,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 15,
      "capital_gains_pct": 15,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 8,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "5–8%",
      "notes": "Most foreign buyers transact in USD. Annual luxury home tax kicks in over ~$240K. No restrictions on foreign ownership outside the 50 m maritime zone."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "GB",
      "name": "United Kingdom",
      "region": "Europe",
      "currency": "GBP",
      "fx_per_usd": 0.79,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 8,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 40,
      "capital_gains_pct": 24,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 5,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "4–7%",
      "notes": "Stamp Duty Land Tax bands: up to 12% + 5% second-home surcharge. Council tax is flat (banded), not % of value. Section 24 limits BTL mortgage interest relief."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "IE",
      "name": "Ireland",
      "region": "Europe",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "fx_per_usd": 0.92,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 2,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.1,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 40,
      "capital_gains_pct": 33,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 4,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "5–8%",
      "notes": "Local Property Tax (LPT) is value-banded. RPZ rent caps apply in most cities. CGT is 33% with limited indexation."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "DE",
      "name": "Germany",
      "region": "Europe",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "fx_per_usd": 0.92,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 5,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.35,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 25,
      "capital_gains_pct": 0,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 4,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "3–5%",
      "notes": "Grunderwerbsteuer 3.5–6.5% by state. CGT is 0% after a 10-year hold for private investors. Rent control (Mietpreisbremse) in most cities."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "FR",
      "name": "France",
      "region": "Europe",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "fx_per_usd": 0.92,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 7.5,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 1,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 30,
      "capital_gains_pct": 36.2,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 4,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "3–6%",
      "notes": "Frais de notaire ~7–8% on resale. Non-residents pay 17.2% social charges on top of income tax. CGT tapers and disappears after 22 yr (income) / 30 yr (social)."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "ES",
      "name": "Spain",
      "region": "Europe",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "fx_per_usd": 0.92,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 8,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.6,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 24,
      "capital_gains_pct": 23,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 4,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "4–7%",
      "notes": "ITP 6–10% on resale; 10% IVA on new builds. Non-EU residents pay 24% on gross rental income with no deductions. Golden visa for ≥€500K being phased out."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "PT",
      "name": "Portugal",
      "region": "Europe",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "fx_per_usd": 0.92,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 6,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.4,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 28,
      "capital_gains_pct": 28,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 4,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "4–7%",
      "notes": "IMT bands up to ~7.5%. AIMI surtax on portfolios > €600K. NHR replaced by IFICI in 2024 — narrower scope."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "IT",
      "name": "Italy",
      "region": "Europe",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "fx_per_usd": 0.92,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 4,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.76,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 21,
      "capital_gains_pct": 26,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 4,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "3–6%",
      "notes": "Cedolare secca flat 21% on long-term rentals (26% short-term). IMU only on second homes. CGT is 0% after a 5-year hold."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "NL",
      "name": "Netherlands",
      "region": "Europe",
      "currency": "EUR",
      "fx_per_usd": 0.92,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 10.4,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.1,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 36,
      "capital_gains_pct": 0,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 4,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "4–6%",
      "notes": "10.4% transfer tax on investment property (2% on primary). Box-3 deemed-return regime under reform; verify current rules."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "AE",
      "name": "United Arab Emirates",
      "region": "Middle East",
      "currency": "AED",
      "fx_per_usd": 3.67,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 4,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 0,
      "capital_gains_pct": 0,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 4.5,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "6–9%",
      "notes": "Dubai 4% DLD transfer fee + ~2% agent. No personal income or capital gains tax. Corporate tax 9% above AED 375K for entities."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "SG",
      "name": "Singapore",
      "region": "Asia-Pacific",
      "currency": "SGD",
      "fx_per_usd": 1.34,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 25,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 10,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 24,
      "capital_gains_pct": 0,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 4,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "2–4%",
      "notes": "Foreigners pay BSD 1–6% + ABSD 60% on residential. Annual property tax 12–36% of annual value for non-owner-occupied. No CGT."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "AU",
      "name": "Australia",
      "region": "Asia-Pacific",
      "currency": "AUD",
      "fx_per_usd": 1.53,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 5,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.3,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 39,
      "capital_gains_pct": 22.5,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 6.5,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "3–5%",
      "notes": "State stamp duty 4–5.5%. Foreigners need FIRB approval + 7–8% surcharge in NSW/VIC. 50% CGT discount after 12-month hold for residents."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "NZ",
      "name": "New Zealand",
      "region": "Asia-Pacific",
      "currency": "NZD",
      "fx_per_usd": 1.68,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 0,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.3,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 33,
      "capital_gains_pct": 0,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 7,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "3–5%",
      "notes": "No stamp duty + no general CGT (bright-line test 2 yr from 2024). Foreign-buyer ban still in force for most residential."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "JP",
      "name": "Japan",
      "region": "Asia-Pacific",
      "currency": "JPY",
      "fx_per_usd": 155,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 3.5,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 1.4,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 20.42,
      "capital_gains_pct": 20,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 1.5,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "5–10%",
      "notes": "Real estate acquisition tax + registration. Foreign non-residents have 20.42% withholding on rental. Mortgage rates among the lowest globally."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "TH",
      "name": "Thailand",
      "region": "Asia-Pacific",
      "currency": "THB",
      "fx_per_usd": 35,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 3.3,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.3,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 15,
      "capital_gains_pct": 0,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 7,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "5–8%",
      "notes": "Foreigners can own condos (≤49% of building) but not land. 15% withholding on rental income for non-residents. New land+building tax in force."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "MY",
      "name": "Malaysia",
      "region": "Southeast Asia",
      "currency": "MYR",
      "fx_per_usd": 4.7,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 3,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.15,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 24,
      "capital_gains_pct": 10,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 4.5,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "4–6%",
      "notes": "Foreigners face minimum purchase price (RM 1M+ in most states). MM2H visa for long-stay buyers. RPGT 10% on disposals after 5 years."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "ID",
      "name": "Indonesia",
      "region": "Southeast Asia",
      "currency": "IDR",
      "fx_per_usd": 15800,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 5,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.3,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 20,
      "capital_gains_pct": 2.5,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 9,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "5–8%",
      "notes": "Foreigners cannot hold freehold (Hak Milik); use Hak Pakai (right-to-use) or nominee. Bali resort rentals common but enforcement tightening."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "PH",
      "name": "Philippines",
      "region": "Southeast Asia",
      "currency": "PHP",
      "fx_per_usd": 58,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 4.5,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 1,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 25,
      "capital_gains_pct": 6,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 7.5,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "5–8%",
      "notes": "Foreigners can own condos (≤40% of building) but not land. 6% CGT on gross selling price. Documentary stamp tax + transfer tax stack."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "VN",
      "name": "Vietnam",
      "region": "Southeast Asia",
      "currency": "VND",
      "fx_per_usd": 25400,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 2.5,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.03,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 10,
      "capital_gains_pct": 2,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 11,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "4–7%",
      "notes": "Foreigners get 50-year leasehold (renewable) on condos, capped at 30% of building. Flat 2% CGT on sale price regardless of profit."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "PA",
      "name": "Panama",
      "region": "Central America",
      "currency": "USD",
      "fx_per_usd": 1,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 2,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.6,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 15,
      "capital_gains_pct": 10,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 6.5,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "5–8%",
      "notes": "USD-denominated market. 0% property tax exemption on primary homes under $120K. Friendly Nations + retiree visas drive demand."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "BZ",
      "name": "Belize",
      "region": "Central America",
      "currency": "BZD",
      "fx_per_usd": 2,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 8,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 1.5,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 25,
      "capital_gains_pct": 0,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 9,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "6–10%",
      "notes": "BZD pegged to USD 2:1. No CGT or inheritance tax. Foreigners get same ownership rights as locals. Stamp duty waived on first $20K USD."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "GT",
      "name": "Guatemala",
      "region": "Central America",
      "currency": "GTQ",
      "fx_per_usd": 7.8,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 3,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.9,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 10,
      "capital_gains_pct": 10,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 8,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "6–9%",
      "notes": "IUSI annual property tax on values >Q70K. No restrictions on foreign ownership outside border zones."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "DO",
      "name": "Dominican Republic",
      "region": "Caribbean",
      "currency": "DOP",
      "fx_per_usd": 60,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 3,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 1,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 27,
      "capital_gains_pct": 27,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 9,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "6–10%",
      "notes": "IPI annual tax 1% on value above ~RD$9M. CONFOTUR law gives 15-year tax exemptions on qualifying tourism projects."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "BR",
      "name": "Brazil",
      "region": "South America",
      "currency": "BRL",
      "fx_per_usd": 5.8,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 3,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 1,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 27.5,
      "capital_gains_pct": 15,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 11,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "5–8%",
      "notes": "ITBI municipal transfer tax 2–3%. IPTU varies by city. Non-residents face 15% withholding on rental income via local representative."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "AR",
      "name": "Argentina",
      "region": "South America",
      "currency": "ARS",
      "fx_per_usd": 1000,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 4,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.5,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 35,
      "capital_gains_pct": 15,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 0,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "3–6%",
      "notes": "Most transactions in USD cash. High inflation distorts ARS metrics. Mortgages effectively unavailable for foreigners."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "CL",
      "name": "Chile",
      "region": "South America",
      "currency": "CLP",
      "fx_per_usd": 950,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 0.8,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 1,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 25,
      "capital_gains_pct": 10,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 6,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "4–7%",
      "notes": "Prices commonly quoted in UF (inflation-indexed unit). Low transfer cost, no foreign-buyer restrictions."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "CO",
      "name": "Colombia",
      "region": "South America",
      "currency": "COP",
      "fx_per_usd": 4100,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 1.5,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.7,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 35,
      "capital_gains_pct": 15,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 13,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "6–10%",
      "notes": "Notary + registration ~2%. Medellín + Cartagena popular with foreign STR investors; new STR registration rules in force."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "PE",
      "name": "Peru",
      "region": "South America",
      "currency": "PEN",
      "fx_per_usd": 3.75,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 3,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 1,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 5,
      "capital_gains_pct": 5,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 9,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "5–8%",
      "notes": "Flat 5% on rental income (first-category) and 5% CGT for non-residents. Alcabala transfer tax with ~10 UIT exemption."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "UY",
      "name": "Uruguay",
      "region": "South America",
      "currency": "UYU",
      "fx_per_usd": 40,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 4,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.5,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 12,
      "capital_gains_pct": 12,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 7,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "4–6%",
      "notes": "ITP 2% buyer + 2% seller. Tax-residency-friendly with optional 10-year exemption on foreign income. Punta del Este USD market."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "EC",
      "name": "Ecuador",
      "region": "South America",
      "currency": "USD",
      "fx_per_usd": 1,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 1,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 0.5,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 25,
      "capital_gains_pct": 10,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 10,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "6–10%",
      "notes": "Fully dollarized economy. Low transfer costs, no foreign-buyer restrictions. Cuenca + coast popular with US/Canadian retirees."
    },
    {
      "iso_alpha2": "PY",
      "name": "Paraguay",
      "region": "South America",
      "currency": "PYG",
      "fx_per_usd": 7300,
      "transfer_tax_pct": 1.5,
      "annual_property_tax_pct": 1,
      "rental_income_tax_pct": 10,
      "capital_gains_pct": 10,
      "typical_mortgage_apr_pct": 9,
      "gross_rental_yield_band": "6–9%",
      "notes": "Territorial tax system — foreign income generally exempt. Low transfer + holding costs. Easy residency program."
    }
  ]
}